[The body that takes care of us]. / Ce corps qui prend soin de nous.

The body takes care of us in the sense that it ensures our biological existence while incorporating the information necessary for motor activity and emotional life. Through contact with the world and others, it awakens our self-awareness. These interactions produce an incorporation of information that enables us to adapt our bodies to our environment, and our attitudes to interactions with others. This incorporation enriches the plasticity of our abilities and body awareness.

[Sophrology, an experience of corporality for student nurses]. / La sophrologie, une expérience de la corporalité des étudiants infirmiers.

The body approach is a real challenge in nursing training. It is part of the relationship between the caregiver and the cared-for. Through their bodies, students experience all their sensations and perceptions. Questioning nursing students through the phenomenological approach of sophrology means enabling them to achieve body-mind harmonization, a fundamental pillar of this mind-body technique. The regular practice of sophrology teaches them to act autonomously on themselves, developing their personal resources for a better body-mind and/or mind-body well-being.

Vida, saúde, doença e cura: encontros e desencontros entre Hahnemann e Nietzsche / Life, health , illness and healing: matches and mismatches between hahnemann and nietzsche

Este artigo tem como objeto os pensamentos vitalistas de Hahnemann e Nietzsche analisados a partir dos conceitos de vida, saúde, doença e cura. Buscou-se traçar correspondências e explicitar as diferenças dos pensamentos envolvidos, tendo como objetivo avaliar as hipóteses de os vitalismos desses autores serem semelhantes e se poderia ser possível afirmar que a busca da "grande saúde" equivaleria à meta do tratamento homeopático. Conclui-se pela semelhança dos vitalismos e pela ampliação do ideal de cura homeopático através da busca da "grande saúde", pois contempla a liberdade de espírito ao mesmo tempo em que se compromete com a ampliação da normatividade vital do ser humano.

This article having as object the vitalist studies by Hahnemann and Nietzsche. It aimed analyzing the concepts life, health and disease in the thoughts of these authors, drawing connections and explaining the differences of thoughts involved. The study sought to assess the idea that Hahnemann's vitalism resembles Nietzsche's, and whether it is possible to say that the pursuit of "big health" would the goal of homeopathic treatment to address the "freedom of spirit" in achieving the expansion of the vital normativeness.

O poder sobre a vida: os corpos regidos pela prática biomédica versus corpos de intensidades / The power over life: bodies governed by biomedical practice versus intensity bodies

Neste artigo, discuto a questão da materialidade organicista do corpo contra um corpo de intensidades. De acordo com Separavich e Canesqui (2010), os estudos de Marcel Mauss (2003 [1934]) e Margaret Mead (2000 [1935]) "revelou que, embora se possa atribuir uma materialidade universal ao corpo, definições, disposições corporais e seus significados são múltiplos. Como resultado dessa heterogeneidade nas formas de conceber corpo, as concepções do que seja saúde e doença também múltiplas tradições" (p. 251). De acordo com Cecil G. Helman (1994) para "os membros de todas as sociedades, o corpo humano é mais do que um simples organismo físico oscilando entre a saúde e a doença. É também o foco de um conjunto de crenças sobre seu significado social e psicológico, estrutura e funcionamento. A expressão 'imagem corporal' é usada para descrever todas as maneiras pelas quais um indivíduo conceitua e experimenta seu próprio corpo, consciente ou inconscientemente" (p. 30), variando com cada sociedade e momento histórico em que se definem: incluem crenças sobre a forma e o tamanho ideal do corpo, crenças sobre sua estrutura e crenças sobre suas funções. Pretendo refletir sobre o corpo, trazendo alguns elementos históricos para chamar a atenção para a ocorrência de certas condições ­ conhecimento médico e outros aspectos sócio-históricos ­ entrelaçada com a produção de práticas e intervenções médicas, no corpo, assim como no governo da vida, com a intenção de chamar a atenção para as práticas médicas integrativas que são a partir de uma visão do corpo de intensidades.

In this article, I discuss the issue of the organicist materiality of the body versus a body of intensities. According to Separavich and Canesqui (2010), the studies of Marcel Mauss (2003 [1934]) and Margaret Mead (2000 [1935]) "revealed that, although a universal materiality can be attributed to the body, definitions, bodily dispositions and their meanings are manifold. As a result of this heterogeneity in the ways of conceiving the body, the conceptions of what health and disease are also have multiple traditions" (p. 251). According to Cecil G. Helman (1994) for "the members of all societies, the human body is more than a simple physical organism oscillating between health and disease. It is also the focus of a set of beliefs about its social and psychological meaning, structure and functioning. The expression 'body image' is used to describe all the ways in which an individual conceptualizes and experiences his own body, consciously or unconsciously" (p. 30), varying with each society and historical moment in which they are defined: they include beliefs about ideal body shape and size, beliefs about its internal structure, and beliefs about its functions. I intend to reflect on the body, bringing some historical elements to draw attention to the occurrence of certain conditions - medical knowledge and other socio-historical aspects - intertwined with the production of medical practices and interventions, in the body, as well as in the government of life, with the intention of drawing attention to integrative medical practices that are based on a vision of the body of intensities.

Effects of MBSR therapy on negative emotions, fatigue, and sleep quality in "post-ICU patients": A randomized controlled clinical trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of intensive care unit (ICU) transfer to the common ward are often accompanied by psychological distress, negative emotions, fatigue, and sleep disturbances that affect recovery. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has achieved reliable results in improving physical and mental health. However, no clinical study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of MBSR on negative emotions, fatigue and sleep quality of patients who survived ICU and were transferred to general wards. METHODS: This is a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) examining the effects of MBSR on negative emotions, fatigue, and sleep quality in inpatients transferred from ICU to general ward. Participants were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group in a ratio of 1:1. On the basis of the same nursing plan and health education, the treatment group received MBSR therapy, while the control group received no other interventions, and all the patients were followed up for 3 months after 2 weeks of continuous treatment. The indicators included negative mood indicators [Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)], fatigue index [Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)], and sleep quality index [Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)]. Finally, SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data. DISCUSSION: This study will evaluate the effects of MBSR on negative emotions, fatigue, and sleep quality in hospitalized patients transferred from ICU to general ward. The results of this study will provide a reference for MBSR to improve psychological distress in ICU survivors transferred to general ward. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (registration number: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/PD7SU).

Medicine, connoisseurship, and the animal body.

This essay reconsiders the links between medicine, connoisseurship, and aesthetic theory in early eighteenth-century Britain. Taking a satire on the body of the physician and collector John Woodward as its starting point, I show that medicine and connoisseurship shared a deep preoccupation with the possibility that the animal body could excessively influence the workings of the mind. Pursuing this line of argument, moreover, I will reconsider the place of mind-body dualism in eighteenth-century British medicine and aesthetics. With the exception of materialists such as the philosopher-physician Bernard Mandeville, medics and aesthetic theorists tended to identify the exercise of judgment with the operations of a disembodied mind, unsullied by the embodied mechanisms of the lower body. In practice, however, the insistence that the most refined forms of judgment depended on the presence and activity of a disembodied, immaterial soul was less meaningful than it seems. When confronted by failures of judgment, medics and connoisseurs alike sought explanations in the mechanisms of the animal body. Whether or not they believed in the immateriality of the soul, they pictured the mind as a malfunctioning animal machine, to be cured through the material agency of medical therapeutics.

Similarities and differences in concepts of mental life among adults and children in five cultures.

How do concepts of mental life vary across cultures? By asking simple questions about humans, animals and other entities - for example, 'Do beetles get hungry? Remember things? Feel love?' - we reconstructed concepts of mental life from the bottom up among adults (N = 711) and children (ages 6-12 years, N = 693) in the USA, Ghana, Thailand, China and Vanuatu. This revealed a cross-cultural and developmental continuity: in all sites, among both adults and children, cognitive abilities travelled separately from bodily sensations, suggesting that a mind-body distinction is common across diverse cultures and present by middle childhood. Yet there were substantial cultural and developmental differences in the status of social-emotional abilities - as part of the body, part of the mind or a third category unto themselves. Such differences may have far-reaching social consequences, whereas the similarities identify aspects of human understanding that may be universal.

El envejecimiento activo en la antigua Roma: ¿mens sana in corpore sano? / Envelhecimento ativo na antiga Roma: mens sana in corpore sano? / Active ageing in ancient Rome: mens sana in corpore sano?

Tomando como punto de partida el verso 356 de la sátira X de Juvenal—mens sana in corpore sano— y el análisis y estudio de su errónea interpretación, se detalla cómo uno de los elementos propios del modelo del envejecimiento activo, el del ejercicio físico practicado por los ancianos, ya estaba presente en los escritos de varios personajes de la antigua Roma. A través de la exégesis de las fuentes literarias, se demuestra la relación que existe entre la antigua Roma y nuestros días, en lo tocante al modelo de envejecimiento activo y particularmente en lo que se refiere a la práctica del ejercicio físico por parte de los senectos. Varios textos de Cicerón, Séneca, Plinio el Joven, Plutarco, Juvenal y Galeno, reflejan la existencia de conceptos propios del modelo de envejecimiento activo en una fecha tan temprana como son los siglos I a.C.-II d.C. Se trata de comentarios, descripciones y consejos, que muestran la importancia que se le daba al ejercicio físico, como garante de calidad de vida, desde una perspectiva empírica y también teórica.(AU)

Taking as a starting point the verse 356 of the satire X by Juvenal –mens sana in corpore sano- and the analysis and study of its misinterpretation, is described in detail as one of the proper elements of the model of active aging, the physical activity practiced by the elderly, it was present in the writings of several notable people in Ancient Rome. Through the exegesis of literary sources, we see that there is a relation between Ancient Rome and our time, with respect to the model of active aging and particularly in respect to the practice of physical exercise by the elderly. Various texts by Ciceron, Seneca, Plinio the Young, Plutarco, Juvenal and Galeno, reflect the existence of proper concepts of the model of active aging dating back as early as the I b.C -II a.C. It is about commentaries, descripctions and advises, that show the importance given to physical exercise as guarantor of quality of life from an empirical and theorical perspective as well.(AU)

Tomando como ponte partida o verso 356 de a sátira X de Juvenal –mens sana in corpore sano- e o análisis de estudo errado de interpretação é detalhado como um dos elementos proprios do modeo do envelheimento ativo, do exercicio físico praticado por os anciãos já estava presente nos escritos de varios personagens da Antiga Roma. Através da exegese das fontes literárias, isso mostra a relação que existe entre a Antiga Roma e nossos días no tocante ao modelo de envelhecimento ativo e particularmente no que se refere na prática do exercicio físico por parte dos senectos. Varios textos de Cicerón, Séneca, Plinio o Jovem, Plutarco, Juvenal e Galeno, revelam a existencia de conceitos possuidos do modelo de envelhecimento activo de una data precoce como são os siglos I a.C.-II d.C. É sobre comentarios, descriçoes e conselhos, que mostran a importancia que foi dado ao exercicio físico como garantia de qualidade de vida, desde una observação empirica e também teórica.(AU)

Chapitre 7. L'âme et le corps à travers le droit romain et le droit canon.

Within this work are approached some historical elements on the history of the evolution of the perception of the links between the soul and the body and the modification of the place of the soul within canon and Roman rights.

Category theory and foundations of life science: A structuralist perspective on cognition.

Category theory has recently been applied successfully beyond mathematics and its foundations, for example, in quantum physics, quantum computing, linguistics, and natural language processing in artificial intelligence. Category theory today is arguably foundations of science as well as foundations of mathematics. Yet applications of category theory to the life sciences are still limited, and there are seemingly no clearly successful paradigmatic cases of them. Here we address foundational aspects of category theory in and across the sciences, and potential structural interconnections between category theory and the life sciences, in particular cognitive science. More specifically, we first address the two aspects of category theory as foundations of science and as foundations of mathematics in particular, and then discuss what category theory could do for foundations of life science, in particular cognitive science. We propose, amongst other things, a categorical structuralist approach to the mind-body problem as an alternative to reductionist approaches, which is arguably of both scientific and metaphysical significance at the same time. Category theory allows us to elucidate structural interconnections between the laws of cognition and the laws of reality, thus paving the way for overcoming the Cartesian dualism separating the cognitive and physical worlds. Put another way, category theory suggests that there may be higher laws governing both worlds at once; the higher structuralist theory of cognition may embody the double aspect theory of information by David Chalmers.

Operant and classical learning principles underlying mind-body interaction in pain modulation: a pilot fMRI study.

The operant conditioning has been less studied than the classical conditioning as a mechanism of placebo-like effect, and two distinct learning mechanisms have never been compared to each other in terms of their neural activities. Twenty-one participants completed cue-learning based pain rating tasks while their brain responses were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. After choosing (instrumental) or viewing (classical) one of three predictive cues (low- and high-pain cues with different level of certainty), they received painful stimuli according to the selected cues. Participants completed the same task during the test session, except that they received only a high pain stimulus regardless of the selected cues to identify the effects of two learning paradigms. While receiving a high pain stimulation, low-pain cue significantly reduced pain ratings compared to high-pain cue, and the overall ratings were significantly lower under operant than under classical conditioning. Operant behavior activated the temporoparietal junction significantly more than the passive behavior did, and neural activity in the primary somatosensory cortex was significantly reduced during pain in instrumental as compared with classical conditioning trials. The results suggest that pain modulation can be induced by classical and operant conditioning, and mechanisms of attention and context change are involved in instrumental learning.

Can Crafted Communication Strategies Allow Musculoskeletal Specialists to Address Health Within the Biopsychosocial Paradigm?

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal specialists who attempt to discuss the connection between mental health (thoughts and emotions) and physical health (symptom intensity and activity tolerance) with patients, may fear that they risk offending those patients. In a search for language that creates comfort with difficult conversations, some specialists favor a biomedical framework, such as central sensitization, which posits abnormal central neuron activity. Without addressing the relative accuracy of mind- or brain-based conceptualizations, we addressed crafted and practiced communication strategies as conversation starters that allow specialists to operate within a biopsychosocial framework without harming the relationship with the patient. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We measured (1) patient resonance with various explanations of the mind-body connection, including examples of both mind- and brain-based communication strategies, and (2) factors associated with resonance and emotional reactions to the explanations. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, all adult new and returning patients who were literate in English and who attended several musculoskeletal specialty offices were invited to complete questionnaires addressing reactions to one of seven explanations of the mind-body connection assigned using a random number generator. Acknowledging that the relative accuracy of mind-based and nerve- or brain-based strategies are speculative, we developed the following conversation starters: two explanations that were cognitively framed ("the mind is a great story teller"; one positively framed and one negatively framed), two emotionally framed explanations ("stressed or down"; one positively framed and one negatively framed), one mentioning thoughts and emotions in more neutral terms ("mind and body work together … thoughts and emotions affect the way your body experiences pain"), and two biomedical neurophysiology-based explanations ("nerves get stuck in an over-excited state" and "overstimulated nerves"), all crafted with the assistance of a communication scholar. It was unusual for people to decline (although the exact number of those who did was not tracked) and 304 of 308 patients who started the questionnaires completed them and were analyzed. In this sample, 51% (155 of 304) were men, and the mean ± SD age was 49 ± 17 years. Reactions were measured as resonance (a 1 to 5 Likert scale regarding the degree to which the stated concept aligns with their understanding of health and by inference is a comfortable topic of discussion) and self-assessment manikins using circled figurines to measure feelings of happiness (frowning to smiling figures), stimulation/excitement (a relaxed sleepy figure to an energized wide-eyed figure), and security/control (small to large figures). These are commonly used to quantify the appeal and emotive content of a given message. Patients also completed surveys of demographics and mental health. Multilevel multivariable linear regression models were constructed to assess factors associated with resonance, happiness, excitement, and control. RESULTS: Controlling for potential confounding variables such as demographics and mental health measures, a relatively neutral biopsychosocial explanation ("mind and body work together") had the greatest mean resonance (4.2 ± 0.8 versus 3.8 ± 0.9 for the other explanations; p < 0.01) and the largest regression coefficient for resonance (0.78 [95% confidence interval 0.41 to 1.15]). The next-most-resonant explanations were biomedical ("excitable nerves", "over-excited state"). Biopsychosocial explanations that mention stress, distress, or cognitive bias ("mind is a great storyteller") had lower resonance. People with greater unhealthy cognitive bias regarding pain (more catastrophic thinking) were less comfortable with all the explanations (lower resonance, regression coefficient -0.03 [95% CI -0.06 to -0.01]). Emotional reactions were relatively comparable with the exception that people felt less control and security with specific explanations such as "excitable nerves" and "mind is a great storyteller." CONCLUSION: Crafted communication strategies allow musculoskeletal specialists to address health within the biopsychosocial paradigm without harming their relationship with the patient. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Musculoskeletal specialists may be the first clinicians to notice mental health opportunities. It may be helpful for them to develop and practice effective communication strategies that make mental health a comfortable topic of discussion.

Body-Mind Dissociation, Altered States, and Alter Worlds.

A psychosomatic model of dissociation is proposed that addresses the ever adjusting mind-body relation-the constant titration of the quality and degree of the psyche's embeddedness in the sensorial and temporal life of the body. The model highlights the function of hypnoid mechanisms (autohypnosis, distraction, somatic autostimulation) and of altered states of consciousness in facilitating and masking the work of mind-body dissociation. Transient altered states, which enable new and creative forms of mind-body experience in everyday life and in the therapy situation, are contrasted with pathological forms of retreat into alter worlds-rigidly organized, timeless, often inescapable trancelike states of mind-body dislocation. These pathological dissociative structures reshape the life of the mind and of the body, requiring new clinical approaches to these phenomena.

[Eyes and gaze: Proverbs and expressions]. / Des yeux et du regard : proverbes et expressions.

The eyes and the gaze participate in a major way in our non-verbal language, even before the verb appeared. From the Bible to contemporary language, through Greek mythology, theater, literature or spoken language, a multitude of expressions and proverbs present the eye, what it sees and what it symbolizes.

TITLE: Des yeux et du regard : proverbes et expressions. ABSTRACT: Les yeux et le regard participent de façon majeure à notre langage non verbal, avant même l'apparition du verbe. Depuis la Bible jusqu'au langage contemporain, en passant par la mythologie grecque, le théâtre, la littérature ou le langage parlé, une multitude d'expressions et de proverbes mettent en scène l'œil, ce qu'il voit et ce qu'il symbolise. Cet article parcourt les champs sémantiques de l'œil et du regard, leur évolution dans le temps, et leur étonnante richesse. En définitive, une revue de notre humanité.

[Exploration on the relationship between acupuncture for mind-regulation and flow theory].

Based on the story of Chinese idiom, paodingjieniu (a magical and skilled form of craftsmanship) as the breakthrough point, this paper discusses the both paoding (cook) and the experienced acupuncture practitioner have the same high skills and explores the potential relationship between mind-regulation in treatment with acupuncture and flow theory. It is believed that the skills of ancient acupuncture practitioner in mind-regulation with acupuncture is not only a kind of "Tao" mode, but also a state of "flow". By the discussion on mind-regulation and flow theory, modern people may have more clear recognition on the mind regulation in treatment with acupuncture so as to better determine the therapeutic methods of acupuncture for mind-regulation.